JAVA

Abstraction means ignoring irrelevant features, properties, or functions and emphasizing the relevant ones...relevant to the given project (with an eye to future reuse in similar projects).

You can take two views of an object: internal - the structure of its data, the algorithms used by its methods external - the interaction of the object with other objects in the program From the external view, an object is an encapsulated entity, providing services These services define the interface to the object An object should be self-governing Any changes to the object's state (its variables) should be accomplished by that object's methods We should make it difficult, if not impossible, for one object to "reach in" and alter another object's state The user, or client, of an object can request its services, but it should not have to be aware of how those services are accomplished (abstraction - hide details).

Polymorphism Enables “programming in the general” The same invocation can produce “many forms” of results Interfaces Implemented by classes to assign common functionality to possibly unrelated classes  Polymorphism When a program invokes a method through a superclass variable, the correct subclass version of the method is called, based on the type of the reference stored in the superclass variable The same method name and signature can cause different actions to occur,  depending on the type of object on which the method is invoked Polymorphism enables programmers to deal in generalities and let the execution-time environment handle the specifics. Programmers can command objects to behave in manners appropriate to those objects, without knowing the types of the objects (as long as the objects belong to the same inheritance hierarchy).  Promotes extensibility New objects types can respond to existing method calls Can be incorporated into a system ...

Inheritance allows a software developer to derive a new class from an existing one The existing class is called the parent class, or super class, or base class The derived class is called the child class or subclass. As the name implies, the child inherits characteristics of the parent That is, the child class inherits the methods and data defined for the parent class To tailor a derived class, the programmer can add new variables or methods, or can modify the inherited ones Software reuse is at the heart of inheritance By using existing software components to create new ones, we capitalize on all the effort that went into the design, implementation, and testing of the existing software Inheritance relationships often are shown graphically in a UML class diagram, with an arrow with an open arrowhead pointing to the parent class Examples  ex 1  ex 2

Oracle has two products that implement Java Platform Standard Edition (Java SE) 8: Java SE Development Kit (JDK) 8 and Java SE Runtime Environment (JRE) 8. JDK 8 is a superset of JRE 8, and contains everything that is in JRE 8, plus tools such as the compilers and debuggers necessary for developing applets and applications. JRE 8 provides the libraries, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and other components to run applets and applications written in the Java programming language. Note that the JRE includes components not required by the Java SE specification, including both standard and non-standard Java components. The following conceptual diagram illustrates the components of Oracle's Java SE products: Description of Java Conceptual Diagram

1990 Oak (interactive television, big failure) 1994 Java (for the Internet) Main feature: "Write Once, Run Any Where" => wrap the operating system so they all look the same Designed for A fresh start (no backward compatibility) “Pure” OOP: C++ Syntax, Smalltalk style Improvements over C++ much harder to write a bad program  Internet programming Very hard to create a virus  Run in a web browser (and at the server) There is a speed issue (from Java 1.3 and up much better) C# Microsoft's “Java-Killer” project release 2001 Language very similar to Java   Commen-Language Runtime (CLR) supports 30+ languages  

Polymorphism: One piece of code works with all shape objects. Dynamic binding: How polymorphism is implemented Take previous Shape class hierarchy  remove inheritance  remove general and abstract class Shape 

Generalization creates a concept with a broader scope. Specialization creates a concept with a narrower scope. Reusing the interface!  Inheritance: get the interface from the general class. Objects related by inheritance are all of the same type.

Idea: make new objects by combining existing objects. Reusing the implementation!  An aggregation consists of a number of (sub-)concepts which collectively is considered a new concept. A decomposition splits a single concept into a number of (sub-)concepts.

A phenomenon is a thing in the “real” world that has individual existence. an object A concept is a generalization, derived from a set of phenomena and based on the common properties of these phenomena. a class Characteristics of a concept  A name Intension, the set of properties of the phenomenon  Extension, the set of phenomena covered by the concept  Classification and Exemplification, Examples • hat, 23, 34, mouse, telephone, book, 98, 45.34, hello numbers: 23, 34, 98, 45.34  words: hat, mouse, telephone, book, hello mouse, tyrannosaurus rex, allosaurus, elephant, velociraptor dinosaur: tyrannosaurus rex, allosaurus, velociraptor mammal: mouse, elephant A classification is a description of which phenomena that belongs to a concept. An exemplification is a phenomenon that covers the concept  

Data can be encapsulated such that it is invisible to the “outside world”. Data can only be accessed via methods. What the “outside world” cannot see it cannot depend on! The object is a “fire-wall” between the object and the “outside world”. The hidden data and methods can be changed without affecting the “outside world”. 

A class is a collection of objects (or values) and a corresponding set of methods.  A class encapsulates the data representation and makes data access possible at a higher level of abstraction. Example 1: A set of vehicles with operations for starting, stopping, driving, get km/liter, etc. Example 2: A time interval, start time, end time, duration, overlapping intervals, etc. Example 3: A string, upper case, compare, lower case, etc.  str.equals(otherStr) – class/Java style   strcmp(str, otherStr) – C style

An object is an encapsulation of data.  An object has identity (a unique reference)  social security number (cpr), employee number, passport number state, also called characteristics (variables)  hungry, sad, drunk, running, alive  behavior (methods) eat, drink, wave, smile, kiss  An object is an instance of an class   A class is often called an Abstract Data Type (ADT).

Objects and classes  Encapsulation and information hiding    Mental exercises            Classification and exemplification           Aggregation and decomposition           Generalization and specialization • Inheritance  • Polymorphism and dynamic binding  • Java an example of an object-oriented programming language          Program example         History of Java         Comparison to C/C+

The package keyword specifies the Java package in which the classes declared in a Java source file reside. Examples package com.mycompany; public class MyClass { }

null is a Java reserved word representing no value. Examples Integer i; i = null; String s; if (s != null) { <statements> }

The new keyword is used to create a new instance of a class. Examples String sName = new String(); Float fVal = new Float(0.15);

The native keyword may be applied to a method to indicate that the method is implemented in a language other then Java. Examples native String getProcessorType();

long is a Java primitive type. A long variable may store a 64−bit signed integer. Examples long number = 5; long anotherNumber = 34590L; long octalNumber = 0377; long hexNumber = 0xffl;

The interface keyword is used to declare a new Java interface, which is a collection of methods. Interfaces are a powerful feature of the Java language. Any class may declare that it implements one or more interfaces, meaining it implements all of the methods defined in those interfaces. Examples public interface IPolygon { public float getArea(); public int getNumberOfSides(); public int getCircumference(); }

int is a Java primitive type. A int variable may store a 32−bit integer value. Examples int number = 5; int octalNumber = 0377; int hexNumber = 0xff;

The instanceof keyword is used to determine the class of an object. Examples if (node instanceof TreeNode) { <statements> }

The import keyword makes one class or all classes in a package visible in the current Java source file. Imported classes can be referened without the use of fully−qualified class names. Examples import java.io.File; import java.net.*;

The implements keyword is used in a class declaration to indicate that the class being declared provides implementations for all methods declared in the interface whose name follows the implements keyword. Examples public class Truck implements IVehicle { }

The if keyword indicates conditional execution of a block. The condition must evaluate to a boolean value. Examples if (condition) { <statements> } if (condition) { <statements> } else { <statements> }

The for keyword specifies a loop whose condition is checked before each iteration. Examples int i; for (i=0; i<max; i++) { <statements> }

float is a Java primitive type. A float variable may store a single−precision floating point value. Examples float ratio = .01; float diameter = 6.15; float height = 1.35E03; // 1.35 * 103 or 1350.0 float height = 1e−2; // 1.0 * 10−2 or 0.01

The finally keyword is used to define a block that is always executed in a try−catch−finally statement. A finally block typically contains cleanup code that recovers from partial execution of a try block. Examples try { <block that may throw exceptions> } catch (<java.lang.Exception or subclass> e) { <code to handle exception e> } finally { <statements that execute with or without exception> }

The false keyword represents one of the two legal values for a boolean variable. Examples boolean isComplete = false;

The extends keyword is used in a class or interface declaration to indicate that the class or interface being declared is a subclass of the class or interface whose name follows the extends keyword. Examples public class Rectangle extends Polygon { }

The else keyword is always used in association with the if keyword in an if−else statement. The else clause is optional and is executed if the if condition is false. Examples if (condition) { <statements> } else { <statements> }

double is a Java primitive type. A double variable may store a double−precision floating point value. Examples double ratio = .01; double diameter = 6.15; double height = 1.35E03; // 1.35 * 103 or 1350.0 double height = 1e−2; // 1.0 * 10−2 or 0.01

The do keyword specifies a loop whose condition is checked at the end of each iteration. Examples do { <statements> } while (!found);

The default keyword is used to label the default branch in a switch statement. Examples int arg = <some value>; switch (arg) { case 1: <statements> break; case 2: <statements> break; default: <statements> break; }

The continue keyword is used to skip to the next iteration of a for, while, or do loop. Examples for (i=0; i<max; i++) { <statements> if (<done with this iteration>) { continue; } <statements> }

The class keyword is used to declare a new Java class, which is a collection of related variables and/or methods. Classes are the basic building blocks of object−oriented programming. A class typically represents some real−world entity such as a geometric Shape or a Person. A class is a template for an object. Every object is an instance of a class. To use a class, you instantiate an object of the class, typically with the new operator, then call the classes methods to access the features of the class. Examples public class Rectangle { float width; float height; public Rectangle(float w, float h) { width = w; height = h; } public float getWidth() { return width; } public float getHeight() { return height; } }

char is a Java primitive type. A char variable can store a single Unicode character. Examples char delimiter = ';';

The catch keyword is used to define exception handling blocks in try−catch or try−catch−finally statements. Examples try { <block that may throw exceptions> } catch (<java.lang.Exception or subclass> e) { <code to handle exception e> } try { <block that may throw different exceptions> } catch (FooException e) { <code to handle FooException e> } catch (BarException e) { <code to handle BarException e> } try { <block that may throw exceptions> } catch (<java.lang.Exception or subclass> e) { <code to handle exception e> } finally { <statements that execute with or without exception> }

The case is used to label each branch in a switch statement. Examples int arg = <some value>; switch (arg) { case 1: <statements> break; case 2: <statements> break; default: <statements> break; }

byte is a Java primitive type. A byte can store an integer value in the range [−128, 127]. Examples byte b = 124;

The break keyword is used to prematurely exit a for, while, or do loop or to mark the end of a case block in a switch statement. Examples for (i=0; i<max; i++) { if (<loop finished early>) { break; } } int type = <some value>; switch (type) { case 1: <statement> break; case 2: <statement> break; default: <statement> }

boolean is a Java primitive type. A boolean variable may take on one of the values true or false. Examples boolean valid = true; if (valid) { <statement> }

The abstract keyword may modify a class or a method. An abstract class can be extended (subclassed) but cannot be instantiated directly. An abstract method is not implemented in the class in which it is declared, but must be overridden in some subclass. Examples public abstract class MyClass { } public abstract String myMethod();

Here is a list of keywords in the Java programming language. You cannot use any of the following as identifiers in your programs. The keywords const and goto are reserved, even though they are not currently used. true, false, and null might seem like keywords, but they are actually literals; you cannot use them as identifiers in your programs. The abstract Keyword  The boolean Keyword  The break Keyword  The byte Keyword   The case Keyword  The catch Keyword   The char Keyword  The class Keyword   The continue Keyword   The default Keyword  The do Keyword  The double Keyword  The else Keyword  The extends Keyword   The false Keyword  The final Keyword  The finally Keyword The float Keyword  The for Keyword   The if Keyword  The implements Keyword The import Keyword  The instanceof Keyword   The int Keyword  The interface Keywo...

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. There are lots of applications and websites that will not work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere! Is Java free to download? Yes, Java is free to download. Get the latest version at  java.com . If you are building an embedded or consumer device and would like to include Java, please  contact Oracle  for more information on including Java in your device. Why should I upgrade to the latest Java version? The latest Java version contains important enhancements to improve performance, stability and security of the Java applications that run on your machine. Installing this free update will ensure that your Java applications continue to run safely and efficiently.